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The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO, pronounced ; (フランス語:Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale), OACI), is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth. Its headquarters are located in the ''Quartier International'' of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The ICAO Council adopts standards and recommended practices concerning air navigation, its infrastructure, flight inspection, prevention of unlawful interference, and facilitation of border-crossing procedures for international civil aviation. ICAO defines the protocols for air accident investigation followed by in countries signatory to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (''Chicago Convention''). The Air Navigation Commission (ANC) is the technical body within ICAO. The Commission is composed of 19 Commissioners, nominated by the ICAO's contracting states, and appointed by the ICAO Council.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.icao.int/about-icao/Pages/Air-Navigation-Commission.aspx )〕 Commissioners serve as independent experts, who although nominated by their states, do not serve as state or political representatives. The development of Aviation Standards and Recommended Practices is done under the direction of the ANC through the formal process of ICAO Panels. Once approved by the Commission, standards are sent to the Council, the political body of ICAO, for consultation and coordination with the Member States before final adoption. ICAO is distinct from the International Air Transport Association (IATA), a trade association representing 240 of the world’s airlines, also headquartered in Montreal, or with the Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation (CANSO), an organization for Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSPs) with its headquarters at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in the Netherlands. These are trade associations representing specific aviation interests, whereas ICAO is a body of the United Nations. == History == The forerunner to ICAO was the ''International Commission for Air Navigation'' (ICAN).〔 It held its first convention in 1903 in Berlin, Germany but no agreements were reached among the eight countries that attended. At the second convention in 1906, also held in Berlin, 27 countries attended. The third convention, held in London in 1912 allocated the first radio callsigns for use by aircraft. ICAN continued to operate until 1945.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Registrations )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=1912 Radio Callsign prefixes )〕 Fifty-two countries signed the Convention on International Civil Aviation, also known as the Chicago Convention, in Chicago, Illinois, on 7 December 1944. Under its terms, a Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization (PICAO) was to be established, to be replaced in turn by a permanent organization when 26 countries ratified the convention. Accordingly, PICAO began operating on 6 June 1945, replacing ICAN. The 26th country ratified the Convention on 5 March 1947 and, consequently PICAO was disestablished on 4 April 1947 and replaced by ICAO, which began operations the same day. In October 1947, ICAO became an agency of the United Nations linked to the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).〔〔 In April 2013, Qatar offered to serve as the new permanent seat of the Organization. Qatar promised to construct a massive new headquarters for ICAO and cover all moving expenses, stating that Montreal "was too far from Europe and Asia", "had cold winters," was hard to attend due to the refusal of the Canadian government to provide visas in a timely manner, and that the taxes imposed on ICAO by Canada were too high.〔(Baird fighting 'tooth and nail' to keep UN aviation office in Montreal ), ''CBC News'', 2 May 2013.〕 According to the ''Globe and Mail'', Qatar's move was at least partly motivated by the pro-Israel foreign policy of Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper.〔(Disgruntled Arab states look to strip Canada of UN agency ) by Campbell Clark, ''Globe and Mail'', 2 May 2013.〕〔(Canada now paying the price for Baird's misstep into East Jerusalem ) by Michael Bell, Special to ''The Globe and Mail'', 6 May 2013.〕 Approximately one month later, Qatar withdrew its bid after a separate proposal to the ICAO's governing council to move the ICAO triennial conference to Doha was defeated by a vote of 22–14.〔(ICAO stays in Montreal after Qatar stumbles ) by François Shalom, ''The Montreal Gazette'', 24 May 2013.〕〔(Qatar Withdraws Offer to Host ICAO Permanent Seat ), ICAO Newsroom, 24 May 2013.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「International Civil Aviation Organization」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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